When a treasured topiary tree was scooped from the soil and stolen from the UNC Charlotte Botanical Gardens the first weekend of April, hundreds of people turned to social media to spread the word. Upon the plant’s return one day after the community learned it was missing, the outpouring continued.

“We are always moved by the connection people feel with the Botanical Gardens and their belief in the importance of our gardens to the community,” Botanical Gardens Director Jeff Gillman said. “We see this every day, but we certainly were a bit in awe of how many people took action. When we posted on Facebook about the theft, 535 people shared the post, many of them with comments about their experiences with the Botanical Gardens.”

The original Facebook post included a photo of the tree and read, “Please help. This weekend, probably Sunday, this topiary was stolen from the UNC Charlotte Botanical Gardens. We have been training this tree for over three years. It was a favorite of the staff, particularly one of our recently retired gardeners who spent hours shaping it. We are a free garden. We know that we will lose flowers here and there, and we know that some people will take advantage of us, but this one hurts. Our guess is that this plant was taken for installation in someone’s yard — It will probably go in this week. We’re not interested in pressing charges, or in punishing anyone, we just want our topiary back. Please share this post and help us get our plant back.”

One day later, when the Botanical Gardens shared the news on Facebook that the plant had reappeared with an abject note of apology, close to 400 people “liked” the post, and almost 225 shared the post, many with comments. TV news crews also documented the incident, helping to spread the word, and the gardens staff received phone calls, emails and comments from visitors.

In the update about the plant’s return, staff included a photograph of the apology note that accompanied the returned tree, found in a pot beside the empty hole where it once was planted in the Asian Garden.

“Thanks to all of you for your help!” the social media posting read. “Yesterday we posted about the loss of one of our favorite plants here at the Gardens. Today that plant was returned! The incredible outpouring of support was unexpected and uplifting. We even had a nursery offer us a new topiary! It is impossible to express the depth of our gratitude.”

Staff included a note to the person who returned the tree. “Thank you. The topiary that you returned means more to us now because of your act of kindness. We hope that you will visit the Gardens again frequently. You are always welcome here.”

The Juniper tree is nestled into its original spot, and gardeners are watching it carefully to see if it will suffer from possible root damage, which can occur when any plant – particularly a large tree like this one – is uprooted.

“We’re glad our tree is back, and we think we have all learned a great deal,” Gillman said. “We hope that the person who took the plant has learned that any action – even if we think it is a small thing – can have a big impact, and often can have a ripple effect. For us, that ripple effect included some unexpectedly positive aspects. We are particularly touched to see how much the Botanical Gardens mean to people. We know this, of course, but it was certainly nice to feel the love.”

Words and Images: Lynn Roberson, College Communications Director (Top: Director Jeff Gillman with topiary; second image: apology note.)

UNC Charlotte’s Master of Science in Mathematical Finance program again has been named among the top 20 programs in the nation, ranking No. 18 in the TFE Times’ 2017 Master of Financial Engineering Program Rankings.

This is an increase from the previous No. 20 ranking for the Mathematical Finance program, which currently enrolls more than 90 students. The TFE Times’ rankings are the most comprehensive rankings for graduate financial engineering, financial mathematics, quantitative finance, computational finance and mathematical finance programs in the United States. The rankings are calculated based on a series of factors, including average GRE scores, starting salaries, undergraduate GPA, acceptance rates, and the number of employed graduates.

Located in the second largest financial center in the U.S., UNC Charlotte’s Mathematical Finance program is a joint program of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics in the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences and the Departments of Finance and Economics in the Belk College of Business. Students take courses from all three departments in an integrated curriculum. Students may use electives to tailor the program to their specific interests.

Graduates of the M.S. in Mathematical Finance program with previous employment gained an average $25,201 in salary and have an average salary of $93,407. Ninety percent of domestic students were employed or in graduate school within six to nine months after graduation. Recent alumni work for companies such as Bank of America, the Federal Reserve Bank, J.P. Morgan, KPMG, TIAA and Wells Fargo Securities.

Beneath the surface of the sea exists a vast world that UNC Charlotte student researcher Tyler Carrier seeks to explore through research at the intersection of evolutionary ecology, oceanography, and microbiology.

“The questions I am attempting to answer are deeply rooted in fundamental evolutionary and ecological processes, and are also vastly unexplored, which leaves a lot of room to expand our understanding of how and why microbes are essential for life,” says Carrier, who is pursuing his doctoral degree in biology. “From talking with various people in the field of larval biology as well as animal-microbial symbiosis, there is some excitement as to what we can find out.”

He is investigating how larvae endure starvation from a microbial perspective and how that response may change depending on the geographical location of the parental habitat. This investigation will begin to unravel whether microbes help animals cope with environmental stressors and provide a landscape for adaptation. Carrier believes the implications of this may apply more broadly to many other animals as well as plants.

Carrier’s work resulted in his selection for a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. The NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program recognizes and supports outstanding graduate students in NSF-supported science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines who are pursuing research-based master’s and doctoral degrees.

He travels to field stations throughout the world to conduct experiments in the field, where his animals are found. Last summer, he conducted experiments at Friday Harbor Laboratories in Friday Harbor, Washington and at the Duke Marine Lab in Beaufort, North Carolina, and plans to conduct future experiments at the Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, part of the University of Sydney, Australia.

“Those who visit the world’s oceans find invertebrates at the seaside, and what they often don’t see is that those animals have water column-dwelling embryos and larvae,” Carrier says. “As a result of this tactic they use, larvae can be swept vast distances from the parental site. Many of these larvae have to find their own food in the form of single cell phytoplankton. At the surface, this doesn’t seem to be an issue, but where phytoplankton reside and their abundance varies greatly in the ocean with respect to both space and time. This could lead larvae to endure extensive periods of starvation.”

By conducting hands-on research by the sea, Carrier is able to study how larvae respond naturally to situations in the environment. “This is one of the first time that we are looking at the microbiome – or microbial communities – of marine invertebrate larvae, especially in their natural environment,” he says.

Carrier works closely at UNC Charlotte with his mentor Adam Reitzel, a biological sciences assistant professor, in The Reitzel Lab.

“The past few years have seen a dramatic increase in the appreciation for the roles bacteria play in animals, from development to longevity,” Reitzel says. “While much of the focus has been on mammals, for example humans, the complex and intricate functions of bacteria in the biology of marine invertebrates remains little studied.”
Carrier’s research is important in helping to address the paucity of knowledge in this area, Reitzel says, by considering how bacterial communities form and change their association with sea urchin larvae based on shifting environmental conditions.

“Tyler’s work has the possibility to tell the scientific community something quite novel and to help expand our appreciation for animal-bacteria interactions in the natural environment,” he says.

While a member of Reitzel’s research lab, Carrier has received highly competitive grants and published academic papers – including one in Symbiosis and another in Aquaculture International. His selection as one of 2,000 NSF Graduate Research Fellows chosen from 17,000 applicants has allowed Carrier to focus his energy on research and classes rather than worrying so much about financial burdens and other obligations that graduate students face.

“Upon hearing I was awarded the fellowship, I was in complete shock and disbelief because this is one of the most sought-after fellowships in the nation,” Carrier says. “There are also special Fellows-only programs that allow me to go to various laboratories around the world to conduct experiments and continue to enhance my training and network with the world’s best minds.”

Words: Brittany Algiere | Images: Lynn Roberson

A sea anemone, with its columnar, jelly-like body and bouquet of tentacles that protrude from its head like a Medusa curlicue mass, looks every bit a weird sea creature. For UNC Charlotte’s Adam Reitzel, this curiosity of a marine invertebrate also holds fascinating clues on how changes in the environment may influence molecular mechanisms such as circadian clocks.

The sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, is in the phylum Cnidaria (“nye-dare-e-uh”) and is found along the Eastern seaboard from Maine down to Jamaica and Puerto RicoFlorida. Many of the anemones in Reitzel’s biological sciences lab come from the North Carolina coast.

Considered a model organism – as the sequencing of its genome has provided a map to gene evolution – sea anemones offer an ideal biological system for use in a wide range of comparative studies, including Reitzel’s investigation into circadian clocks.

“The circadian clock is responsible for how we function,” Reitzel says. “Why do we wake up when we do? Why do we get hungry when we do, and why is this very predictable? The circadian clock is why we experience jet lag or tend not to be ourselves after we pull an all-nighter.”

Evolutions of Stress Response

Reitzel’s lab uses sea anemones to learn more about how organisms may entrain their clocks when faced with disruptions. More broadly, his research considers the evolution and mechanisms of stress response and the genetic variation and adaptation of coastal invertebrates, including the purpose of the circadian clock.

“We are asking two fundamental questions,” he says. “One is from an evolutionary perspective. How does a sea anemone, in this case, have a circadian clock and how similar is it to the human clock? And two, how does that clock work? If we interrupt a sea anemone’s circadian clock, what does that do to that anemone? What does it do to its physiology?”

A key question is determining whether a sea anemone takes in environmental cues such as changes in light and, as a result, entrains its circadian clock to anticipate and adapt to environmental changes.

“There’s plenty of literature to suggest disruptions in the circadian clock can result in increased susceptibility to diseases,” he says. “We want to know, and this relates back to the non-human model, if we interrupt a sea anemone’s circadian clock, what does that do to that anemone?”

In a locked room near Reitzel’s lab, a video recorder captures the movement of sea anemones in a dish as they are exposed to light. A computer remotely controls the intensity of the light and whenit is turned off and on. Whitney Leach, a graduate student in Reitzel’s lab, uses light because it is the most predictable environmental cue.

At the conclusion of the controlled manipulations of the environment, the lab team studies the tissue of the anenomes, specifically looking at the genes and proteins to assess what may have changed as a result of the environmental differences.

International Collaboration

Among Reitzel’s funding is the prestigious Young Investigators’ Grant from the Human Frontier Science Program, one of only seven awarded worldwide in the year he received the award. Reitzel and colleagues are looking at how bacteria and other microbes influence the biology of sea anemones, particularly in the context of climate change. Reitzel’s collaborators are Sylvain Forêt of the Australian National University and Sebastian Fraune of the Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany.

“We are looking at how organisms live naturally,” Reitzel says. “If they can respond and adapt by changing critical tagsgene expression or how they associate with particular types of bacteria or gene functions, it tells you how organisms are projected to survive in a changing environment.”

It has long been known that animals can adapt to their environment through changes to their DNA, or their genetic code. More recently, research has shown that non-genetic components may be important, as well — and in some cases essential — for processes such as health, aging and development.

For example, genetically identical twins, despite having identical DNA, are not copies of one another in appearance, behavior, or other characteristics that are dependent on their environmental experiences. Two central non-genetic contributors to individual variation are chemical modifications of the DNA, or epigenetics, and associations with different bacterial species or microbial symbioses.

Global Warming Research

“Evidence is growing that climate change has profound effects on marine ecosystems, yet our understanding and ability to predict how species respond in these ecosystems is still very limited,” Reitzel says. Unlike the genes of an animal, epigenetics and microbial composition can rapidly alter due to changes in the environment, making them ideal mechanisms to study how species respond to environmental threats like global warming.

The researchers are modeling their study on the anemone Nematostella vectensis, in which they are monitoring physiological, epigenetic, and microbial changes associated with thermal acclimation. They are separating the effects of each change through bacterial experimentation, and are carrying out gene knockdown and over-expression experiments to determine the function of critical host genes in epigenetic regulations and in the plasticity of the microbiota.

This research includes fieldwork in estuaries throughout the United States, including in North Carolina.

The aim of this research is to determine how epigenetic regulations and microbial communities participate in thermal acclimation of a coastal marine species residing in a dynamic temperature environment, and how these non-genetic factors interact with each other. The researchers hypothesize that changes in the microbial community improve the thermal tolerance of the host, and that the epigenetic landscape is responding both to the shifts in temperature and to the altered microbial composition.

“We believe these results will not only have important consequences for our understanding of the response of marine species to climate change, but will more broadly give us insight into unanswered questions regarding the role of epigenetic regulations and microbes in animal ecology and evolution,” Reitzel says.

The research team also is exploring how epigenetics, microbiomes, and genomic mutations intersect, as they are largely studied in isolation at the moment.

Reitzel joined UNC Charlotte in 2012 and received his doctoral degree in 2008 from Boston University. He has been on the review editorial board for Frontiers in Marine Molecular Biology and Ecology and has authored more than 70 peer-reviewed journal publications and book chapters, along with a recent book he co-edited with one of his graduate students, Tyler Carrier, along with Andreas Heyland of University of Guelph, Canada. The book is described as the first definitive book on the ecology of marine invertebrate larvae for more than 20 years and is noted for its establishing a fresh agenda for future research.

Scientific exploration first came into focus for Reitzel when he was a high school student in an advanced biology course and when he spent a summer as an undergraduate researcher on the West Coast with Brian Bingham of Western Washington University, as part of a Research Experience for Undergraduates program.

“I remember those times others took a chance on me and gave me the opportunity to conduct a research project, with mentoring, but allowing me to be very independent,” he says. “I got to come up with my own ideas and dedicate myself, and the work became mine as something I was really invested in. That had a huge impact on me to get into the field and to do this for a long time.”

Words: Leah Chester-Davis and Tyler Harris | Images: Lynn Roberson and Henry Gilmore. Top image: Reitzel and student Whitney Leach in the lab.

Squeezing years of work and thousands of words into a three-minute talk, graduate students Shayan Nazari and Danny Yonto earned first and second place in UNC Charlotte’s inaugural Three-Minute Thesis competition.

Nazari, who is pursuing her doctoral degree in Biological Sciences and won first place accolades, also earned the People’s Choice Award for her talk on “Breast Density: The Double-Edged Sword.” She earned $550 for the two awards and the opportunity to represent UNC Charlotte in the Conference of Southern Graduate Schools’ regional competition in Annapolis, Md. on March 2-5.

Yonto, who is pursuing his doctorate in the Geography and Urban Regional Analysis program, took second place and earned $300 for his 3-minute presentation on “What are the Characteristics of Contemporary Gentrification? A Case Study of Charlotte, NC.”

The 3MT® event is part of a worldwide initiative aimed at sharpening students’ academic, presentation and communication skills. Founded by The University of Queensland, it celebrates research conducted by PhD students, helping them learn to effectively explain their research in a language appropriate to a non-specialist audience.

Other College of Liberal Arts & Sciences participants in the 2017 competition were: Neha Mittal, Biological Sciences, with “Metabolomics and Genomics Integrative Approach for Genetic Dissection of Wild Soybean Complex Traits”; and Robert Bickmeier, Organizational Science, with “Differentiating Dirty Work.”

Nazari and Yonto shared their thoughts on the experience:

What motivated you to participate?

Nazari: I had previously heard about the 3MT® competitions that were being held in other universities and I thought it was a great opportunity for us, graduate students, to practice our communication skills with a diverse audience. I watched a lot of 3MT® videos and realized that the graduate students were genuinely excited to share information about their work. So naturally, I wanted to see it for myself. I think it is fun to do research in the laboratory and conduct experiments; I even love to troubleshoot when things go wrong. But one of my favorite parts about being a scientist is sharing my research with others in a way that everyone can relate to it and understand it. And that is exactly what I experienced with the 3MT® competition.

Yonto: For me, social science research impacts the most people when it answers the “so what” question. In order to get to that point, social scientists have to be able to communicate their ideas in a clear and concise way. Therefore, I used this competition to see if I can take all the work I have done and ask myself “so what”, what does my dissertation research really mean? Putting my research in that context allowed me to present gentrification in a dynamic and interesting way, which was quite a challenge for fewer than 3 minutes.

What did you learn from this experience?

Nazari: Through this experience, I learned how to effectively highlight the significance of my research and be able to communicate the main goal of my thesis in a very short amount of time. In graduate studies, we take a lot of classes and we conduct our own research and we become sort of experts in this one small area. I think learning how to communicate my work in a way that everyone can relate to and get excited about is a very valuable skill that I will take with me into the professional world.

Yonto: Communicating complex ideas in a clear and concise manner takes time and practice. Even though I can talk about gentrification for hours, the time limitation forced me to develop an outline that honed in on the most important points of my research. A struggle at first, viewing research through this lens allowed me to develop a narrative that best suited my audience.

How will you use what you learned?

Nazari: Sometimes 3 minutes’ time or less is all we have in an interview or while networking, to catch someone’s attention about our work. So I think learning and practicing to effectively communicate my PhD research to an audience from a wide variety of backgrounds and professions is a skill that is crucial to my future success as a scientist.

Yonto: In a few months I have a proposal and dissertation defense to present. Expanding on the 3MT® competition, I want to bring the same level of enthusiasm and determination that helped me focus on the most important points of my research. In doing so, I can clearly tell my audience what I have done, how I did it, and why it is important.

Image: Courtesy of Daniel Jones. Shown (l to r): Shayan Nazari, Graduate School Dean Tom Reynolds, Danny Yonto

Teachers lay the foundation for students to understand and embrace science. This significant role holds true whether the students aspire to scientific careers or simply need as citizens to understand how scientific research can help their everyday lives.

Despite their critical role, teachers often find themselves limited in their exposure to the settings where scientific research occurs.

This summer, Charlotte Teachers Institute worked with UNC Charlotte professors Susan Trammell and Marcus Jones to address that gap. Through a pilot program called the Summer Research Experience for Teachers, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools teachers collaborated with professors and graduate students in UNC Charlotte lab settings.

“I wanted to give teachers a first-hand look at what it is like to be a scientist,” says Trammell. “The teachers that I worked with come from many different grade levels and will prepare the scientists of the future. However, most of them have never been in a research lab and do not really know what it is like to ‘do science’ as a career. This is information that they need, to help inspire and guide their students.”

This summer’s initiative was a first for CTI, which is an educational partnership among Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, UNC Charlotte and Davidson College that works to improve teaching in Charlotte-Mecklenburg public schools.

“CTI is all about bringing together university and college professors to collaborate and co-create with classroom teachers,” says CTI Executive Director Scott Gartlan. “This program is no different. This experience for teachers cultivated their curiosity, creativity and knowledge of cutting-edge scientific techniques.”

The initiative came together because of converging interests, Gartlan says.

“Marcus Jones initially reached out to CTI to support his proposal for a NSF CAREER award,” he says. “Dr. Jones and I decided to include stipends for teachers to participate in a summer research experience in his university laboratory working alongside his graduate students.”

Meanwhile, Trammell, a three-time CTI seminar leader and CTI University Advisory Council member, also wanted to broaden her research agenda to include science teacher education, a passion of hers for years.

In each lab, Trammell and Jones provided guidance for the partnership. Graduate students educated teachers on laboratory protocols and scientific principles, as well as helping them develop curricula for later use in their classrooms. The teachers expressed surprise – and gratitude – for the important role that graduate students played in the labs and in their collaboration.

“As a graduate student, my duties included overseeing safety procedures and daily lab maintenance,” says Drew Tobias, a Nanoscale Science doctoral student in Jones’ lab who worked with the teachers, along with fellow student Kathleen Dipple.

“But my role ultimately became one of a mentor,” Tobias says. “We were able to keep the teachers engaged and productive, and they were excited to be here. I think they gained insight into actual experimentation and can better relate what we are doing to general life.”

Jones’ efforts with the teachers drew from his current CTI long-term seminar, called “It’s a Small World!” which draws upon themes from his NSF-funded research. “Nanomaterials could provide a pathway to cheap and abundant renewable electricity,” Jones says. “In that context, we discussed the need for sustainable energy and the economic and environmental factors that are driving the search for alternative sources.”

Coulwood Middle science teacher Joyce Patton describes the experience and its lingering impact as amazing.

“The summer experience in Dr. Jones’ lab was inquiry learning done right,” Patton says. “Engaging, inspiring and by far the best educational experience I have ever had. It was so inspiring I was able to work with a local scientific equipment company, CEM Corp., to donate a single-mode focused microwave unit. This will allow my students to safely synthesize nanoparticles, right in the classroom.”

UNC Charlotte’s Trammell also turned to her CTI seminar, which is titled “How Science is Done,” providing a behind the scenes look at university research and the scientific method. Doctoral candidates Joseph Peller and Madison Young joined her in coaching teachers in the lab.

Trammell’s research concentrates on biomedical applications of optical techniques, imaging and spectroscopy in particular. Projects in her lab include building a new camera that can be used for cancer detection and developing a method to preserve proteins that are used in diagnostic tests.

“It was great experience for the teachers as they learned lab work is not as formulaic as standard teaching labs would apply,” Peller says. “They encountered problem after problem, yet continued to work rigorously until they resulted in success.”

Two undergraduate student who were conducting research through the Charlotte Community Scholars program joined the team, working with CTI as interns. Political science and economics student Anthony Ellis and psychology student Kenia Rios were part of a 9-week research experience that provides students with an immersive engaged scholarship experience to address community needs.

“Over the summer I worked directly with CTI to analyze six years’ worth of data to see if the program has caused any impact,” Ellis says. “I’ve gained tons of experience working with abstract quantitative data, and now have an idea on how we can use it to improve future programs.”

Since its inception in 2009, CTI has conducted 60 long-term seminars led by 46 Davidson College and UNC Charlotte professors for more than 400 CMS teachers, totaling over 17,000 hours of professional development. The summer experience provided another avenue for exposing teachers to intense professional development.

“The teachers developed a deeper understanding of university-level scientific research, methodology, and laboratory equipment and practices,” Gartlan says. “In turn, they will develop curricula that motivates and excites their students to see the essence of scientific inquiry more as a process of discovery than as a set of rules to follow.”

Words: Tyler Harris and Kendra Sharpe | Images: Lynn Roberson

Top Image: Doctoral student Andrew Tobias (left) with teachers Joanne Rowe and Joyce Patton; Second image: Teacher Joyce Patton with doctoral student Kathleen Dipple. Third image: Professor Susan Trammell (second from right), doctoral student Madison Young (left) and teachers Miesha Gadsden, Tabitha Miller, Connie Wood.

Cancer researcher and entrepreneur Pinku Mukherjee says seed money from grants and gifts drives UNC Charlotte’s ability to innovate and create knowledge. Through the university’s Exponential campaign, the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences seeks support for this type of work.

New research by UNC Charlotte scholar Shan Yan and colleagues has revealed the function of a widely shared enzyme component, the Zf-GRF domain, as a critical molecular tool necessary for manipulating DNA during repair processes.

A living organism’s DNA needs constant maintenance. Every cell is in a state of fierce siege, as plentiful reactive oxygen compounds and ions constantly assault and damage the cell’s organic molecules, especially its DNA. Oxidative damage to DNA is estimated to occur 10,000 times per day per cell.

For life to survive this molecular battlefield, molecular countermeasures have evolved, among them a suite of complex molecules that detect oxidative damage to sections of DNA molecules, targeting those areas with various repair molecules that perform a series of elaborate molecular engineering operations necessary to fix the problem. The intimate mechanics of the complex molecular assemblies dedicated to the recognition, repair and signaling of DNA damage are still not fully understood.

A specific protein structure known as the Zf-GRF domain is a mysterious component of APE2, a DNA-repair and DNA damage response enzyme, and is also common to a number of other DNA-maintaining molecules.  A new research finding shows that Zf-GRF performs a critical DNA binding function in helping enzymes properly align to single-stranded DNA. The new study appears in a paper published online in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) on December 27, 2016.

The finding is a result of two teams, one headed by Yan, a faculty member in the Department of Biological Sciences in UNC Charlotte’s College of Liberal Arts & Sciences. The second is headed by R. Scott Williams from the Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) in the National Institutes of Health.

“We study APE2, which plays an important role in repairing DNA following oxidative stress,” Yan said. “We are trying to understand the structure and function of this enzyme because it’s not very well characterized, but plays a central role in the cellular response to oxidative DNA damage.”

APE2 has different domains, he said. “One of the least understood is called Zf-GRF, which we have succeeded in characterizing,” he said. “We found that its function is to interact specifically with a single strand of DNA. If this domain does not bind to the single strand of DNA, APE2 doesn’t promote its catalytic activity and it cannot move forward in the appropriate 3’ to 5’ direction along the strand. ”

The Zf-GRF domain, Yan said, is also found in several other proteins. In all cases, it has a “claw-like” structure and other protein components surrounding a zinc molecule that are nearly identical in all cases or “highly conserved.”

“Though it’s a very small domain – about 50 amino acids – it’s highly conserved in evolution,” he said. “This enzyme domain is the same across many species, which implies that it’s important. It is also found not only in APE2, but also in many other enzymes, including important DNA metabolism enzymes such as Topoisomerase 3α and NEIL3. Our finding can be applied to future studies on those proteins.”

The ubiquity and uniformity of the Zf-GRF structure is explained, because this molecular tool plays a very useful and critical role in the control of enzymatic activity, Williams said. “The APE2 DNA processing activity is necessary for activation of “cellular checkpoints”, an alarm which is signaled when DNA damage is detected, and helps to prevent further damage from occurring, while making it possible for a cell to fix these toxic lesions,” he said. “If left in an unrepaired and un-signaled state, such oxidative DNA damage can be a major contributing factor to cancer progression, amongst other maladies.”

Authors of the paper, titled “APE2 Zf-GRF facilitates 3’-5’ resection of DNA damage following oxidative stress,” are Bret D. Wallace, Geoffrey A. Mueller, Timothy Chang, Sara N. Andres, Jessica L. Wojtaszek, Eugene F. DeRose, C. Denise Appel, Robert E. London, and R. Scott Williams from the Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory at NIEHS/NIH, and Zachary Berman, Yunfeng Lin and Shan Yan from the Department of Biological Sciences at UNC Charlotte.

The research was supported by funds from UNC Charlotte and NIGMS/NIH (grant numbers R15 GM101571 and R15 GM114713) and NIEHS/NIH (grant numbers 1Z01ES102765 and 1Z01ES050111).

Words: James Hathaway | Image: Lynn Roberson

When Vasily Astratov explains complex principles of physics, specifically in the world of optics, he turns to St Paul’s Cathedral in London and its Whispering Gallery. Whisper on one side of the iconic dome, and someone standing a hundred feet away on the other side can hear the whispered words.

“The dome or spherical shape helps trap the sound inside the cavity and transmits it around the inside surface,” says Astratov, a professor in the Department of Physics and Optical Science. “The same principle is at work in optics.”

Optics involves the study of light. Instead of a large cathedral dome, think of a microscopic sphere. “A different form of wave – electromagnetic – traps visible light in much the same way acoustic waves trap sound,” he says. “Just as the cathedral can trap sound, a microsphere can trap visible light.”

However, there is one important difference with the acoustic waves. The light trapped in microspheres has an evanescent component – a kind of “cloud” extending from the microsphere, very much like an atmosphere on a planet. When the light wave resonates inside the sphere, this cloud becomes thicker and it extends longer. This electromagnetic cloud is extraordinarily sensitive to variations in the microsphere environment. More than a decade ago, researchers Stephen Arnold and Frank Vollmer suggested using such evanescent clouds for sensing of individual protein and viruses.

It has become apparent that the applications of this phenomenon are unlimited, Astratov says. “One of the lines of thinking in the modern optics community is that this evanescent field can also help us see extraordinary small details of the objects in the atmosphere of the microspheres, which are not ordinarily seen in standard optical microscopes,” he says.

Knowledge of this phenomenon and its implications for scientific research have propelled Astratov to submit patents on optical components that use microspheres to provide super resolution capabilities – one with his former student in 2012 and another with his Air Force Research Lab collaborators in 2015. Astratov, a native of St. Petersburg, Russia, received his doctoral degree at the Ioffe Institute, one of Russia’s largest institutions for research in physics and technology, part of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a home institution for several Nobel laureates.

It was there in the mid-1990s that he pioneered studies of synthetic opals as novel three-dimensional photonic crystals for visible light.

A leader in his field of study, Astratov has named a new field of study, microspherical photonics, to describe the research directions of his group. In microspherical photonics, individual spheres are focusing and trapping light, and they “whisper to each other” due to an overlap of their evanescent electromagnetic clouds.

“There are many applications where you need extreme accuracy, such as precise laser surgery to attach a retina or remove a fibrotic membrane, for example,” he says. “We want to explore the many applications.”

Since joining UNC Charlotte in 2002, his work in the field has yielded several technologies – the new optical device and laser scalpels to focus laser beams, for example – with four patents and two more pending.

The new optical devices take the study of light to a new level, moving into the realm of photonics which, simply defined, is a combination of optical science and engineering. The optical devices based on microspherical photonics promise to deliver a cost-effective solution to physicians, scientists, lab technologists and others who want to improve the performance of their microscopes and their diagnostic capabilities.

“Optical microscopes are fundamentally limited in their resolution due to diffraction of light,” Astratov says. “The outer edges of an object remain blurred when viewed through a microscope. Use of these evanescent electromagnetic fields and our new optical component helps overcome that limitation.”

In Astratov’s lab, doctoral student Aaron Brettin leans over a microscope, carefully placing a sample under its objective lens. The optical component, made from elastomeric transparent material with embedded barium-titanate glass spheres, looks like razor thin sheets or microscope coverslips. By placing them over the sample, the microspheres are as close as possible to the objects to be viewed, catching their evanescent electromagnetic fields and allowing greater resolution capabilities, an enhancement for imaging biological structures.

According to Astratov, these new coverslips with embedded spheres help scientists view not just the cellular level but also to resolve the subcellular structures, a critical component in biomedical research. While numerous industries such as pharmaceutical, semiconductor, optoelectronics, computer chip and, especially, microscope manufacturing companies, may benefit from the work in Astratov’s lab, the biomedical area is what draws him the most.

“The application I find most exciting and practical is the potential use by pathologists and histologists,” he says. Physics, in this case microspherical photonics, gives insights into diseases by helping pathologists more readily see the subcellular level of human tissues, proteins, bacteria and viruses.

In initial research with pathologists at a nearby hospital, Astratov and his team received valuable feedback to take back to the lab to improve their process. “By gaining insights into the methodology entailed with their diagnostic processes, I was able to extrapolate new ways to improve our own product fabrication,” says Kylen Blanchette, a senior physics and mathematics major.

While higher resolution is available with scanning and transmission electron microscopes, Astratov says that they have their drawbacks. “They are expensive, they require a high level of training, and they also destroy cells,” he says.

Even though the standard optical microscopes have less than optimal resolution due to the diffraction limit, doctors prefer them. This is why the new optical components hold great promise for the industry. Astratov is working with the UNC Charlotte Research Institute and the Office of Technology Transfer to form SupriView, a company that will manufacture and sell microsphere-embedded slabs.

He also plans to expand the technologies related to microspherical photonics, including further development of ultra-precise laser scalpel technologies for tissue surgery and new ways for sorting dielectric microspheres by using their resonant whispering gallery properties.

The latter technology is based on breakthrough research in his lab devoted to observation and study of the giant resonant light forces in microspherical photonics, highlighted in Optics & Photonics News as one of best achievements in 2013.

His innovative laser scalpel technology received a prize in 2013 in the Charlotte Venture Challenge, a competition for early-stage high growth companies. Through the National Science Foundation Industry/University Cooperative Research Center on Metamaterials, his team receives funding from the Air Force Research Lab, part of the U.S. Department of Defense.

Astratov’s team relies on the fabrication facility at AFRL to develop the nanoplasmonic arrays or objects that are used in super-resolution studies. They also work together to publish results of their research, and AFRL has for many years provided summer student internships.

Astratov and doctoral student Farzaneh Abolmaali will present designs of their optical devices in early 2017. Astratov is a program committee member of a subconference on Nanoscale Imaging, Sensing and Actuation for Biomedical Applications and an invited speaker at Photonics West, the world’s largest event focusing on photonics technologies, including medical technologies and smart manufacturing.

Abolmaali says she selected physics, specifically optics, “where the fundamental knowledge of light can be connected with engineering and technology and then becomes practical.” The new optical device, Abolmaali says, “is an example of how optics bridges science and engineering.”

For Astratov, the device serves as an inspiration for his continuing research into how microspherical photonics can help solve real-world problems.

Words: Leah Chester-Davis | Image: Lynn Roberson

Teachers lay the foundation for students to understand and embrace science. This significant role holds true whether the students aspire to scientific careers or simply need as citizens to understand how scientific research can help their everyday lives.

Despite their critical role, teachers often find themselves limited in their exposure to the settings where scientific research occurs.

Charlotte Teachers Institute has worked with UNC Charlotte professors Susan Trammell and Marcus Jones to address that gap. Through a pilot program called the Summer Research Experience for Teachers, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools teachers collaborated with professors and graduate students in UNC Charlotte lab settings for the first time in summer 2016.

“I wanted to give teachers a first-hand look at what it is like to be a scientist,” says Trammell. “The teachers that I worked with come from many different grade levels and will prepare the scientists of the future. However, most of them have never been in a research lab and do not really know what it is like to ‘do science’ as a career. This is information that they need, to help inspire and guide their students.”

The summer initiative was a first for CTI, which is an educational partnership among Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, UNC Charlotte and other universities that works to improve teaching in Charlotte-Mecklenburg public schools.

“CTI is all about bringing together university and college professors to collaborate and co-create with classroom teachers,” says CTI Executive Director Scott Gartlan. “This program is no different. This experience for teachers cultivated their curiosity, creativity and knowledge of cutting-edge scientific techniques.”

The initiative came together because of converging interests, Gartlan says.

“Marcus Jones initially reached out to CTI to support his proposal for a NSF CAREER award,” he says. “Dr. Jones and I decided to include stipends for teachers to participate in a summer research experience in his university laboratory working alongside his graduate students.”

Meanwhile, Trammell, a three-time CTI seminar leader and CTI University Advisory Council member, also wanted to broaden her research agenda to include science teacher education, a passion of hers for years.

In each lab, Trammell and Jones provided guidance for the partnership. Graduate students educated teachers on laboratory protocols and scientific principles, as well as helping them develop curricula for later use in their classrooms. The teachers expressed surprise – and gratitude – for the important role that graduate students played in the labs and in their collaboration.

“As a graduate student, my duties included overseeing safety procedures and daily lab maintenance,” says Drew Tobias, a Nanoscale Science doctoral student in Jones’ lab who worked with the teachers, along with fellow student Kathleen Dipple.

“But my role ultimately became one of a mentor,” Tobias says. “We were able to keep the teachers engaged and productive, and they were excited to be here. I think they gained insight into actual experimentation and can better relate what we are doing to general life.”

Jones’ efforts with the teachers drew from his current CTI long-term seminar, called “It’s a Small World!” which draws upon themes from his NSF-funded research. “Nanomaterials could provide a pathway to cheap and abundant renewable electricity,” Jones says. “In that context, we discussed the need for sustainable energy and the economic and environmental factors that are driving the search for alternative sources.”

Coulwood Middle science teacher Joyce Patton describes the experience and its lingering impact as amazing.

“The summer experience in Dr. Jones’ lab was inquiry learning done right,” Patton says. “Engaging, inspiring and by far the best educational experience I have ever had. It was so inspiring I was able to work with a local scientific equipment company, CEM Corp., to donate a single-mode focused microwave unit. This will allow my students to safely synthesize nanoparticles, right in the classroom.”

UNC Charlotte’s Trammell also turned to her CTI seminar, which is titled “How Science is Done,” providing a behind the scenes look at university research and the scientific method. Doctoral candidates Joseph Peller and Madison Young joined her in coaching teachers in the lab.

Trammell’s research concentrates on biomedical applications of optical techniques, imaging and spectroscopy in particular. Projects in her lab include building a new camera that can be used for cancer detection and developing a method to preserve proteins that are used in diagnostic tests.

“It was great experience for the teachers as they learned lab work is not as formulaic as standard teaching labs would apply,” Peller says. “They encountered problem after problem, yet continued to work rigorously until they resulted in success.”

Two undergraduate students who were conducting research through the Charlotte Community Scholars program joined the team, working with CTI as interns. Political science and economics student Anthony Ellis and psychology student Kenia Rios were part of a 9-week research experience that provides students with an immersive engaged scholarship experience to address community needs.

“Over the summer I worked directly with CTI to analyze six years’ worth of data to see if the program has caused any impact,” Ellis says. “I’ve gained tons of experience working with abstract quantitative data, and now have an idea on how we can use it to improve future programs.”

Since its inception in 2009, CTI has conducted 60 long-term seminars led by 46 Davidson College and UNC Charlotte professors for more than 400 CMS teachers, totaling over 17,000 hours of professional development. The summer experience provided another avenue for exposing teachers to intense professional development.

“The teachers developed a deeper understanding of university-level scientific research, methodology, and laboratory equipment and practices,” Gartlan says. “In turn, they will develop curricula that motivates and excites their students to see the essence of scientific inquiry more as a process of discovery than as a set of rules to follow.”

Words: Tyler Harris and Kendra Sharpe | Images: Lynn Roberson
Top Photo: Doctoral student Andrew Tobias (left) works with CMS teachers Joanne Rowe and Joyce Patton. Second photo: Professor Susan Trammell (second from right), doctoral student Madison Young (left) and teachers Miesha Gadsden, Tabitha Miller, Connie Wood. Third photo: Student Anthony Ellis (right) describes his undergraduate research with CTI as a Charlotte Community Scholar.